ALGONQUIAN FROM EDENIC

Key:

S = letter shifts: [all vowels are interchangeable, no shifts needed]

S-B = bilabial shift [interchangeable lip letters:

B,F,P,PH, V, W],

S-F = fricative shift,[interchangeable whistling letters: Soft C, S, SH,TS, Z]  

S-G = guttural shift [interchangeable throat letters: Hard C, G, K,Q]

S-D = dental shift [interchangeable tooth letters: D, T, TH, TS]

S-L = liquid shift [interchangeable tongue letters: L, R]

S-N = nasal shift  [interchangeable nose letters: M, N]

N = nasalization (extra M or N inserted in the root).

M = metathesis (root letters switch places). Example: M132 means that merk (to mark) takes the 1^st, 3^rd, then 2^nd root consonant (no vowels) of נכר  NeKaR, to recognize (shift from

  Noon/N  to M) and מכיר  MaKeeYR (acquaintance)

ß = reverse the (root letters of) the Edenic source word

B = a borrowing from another language. Only the more obvious borrowings are noted.

The unbolded part of an Edenic or derivative word is not the relevant part of a proposed match.

ALL CAPS in [ BRACKETS ] is the name of the entry in E-Word: The Edenics Digital Dictionary where one finds the Biblical verse, Semitic and exotic cognates, and more. The 2020 E-Word wil be over 2100 pages, and with more color coding - at edenics.org

Algonquian is a widespread Algic/Amerind family that dominates much of the North American northeast up to the Rockies.  The list directly below, developed by Prof. Swadesh and his students, serves to contain our Chippewa or Ojibwe data and our Lenape data. Notice that Swadesh Lists are organized by English gloss, with categories like Pronouns, Basic Numbers, Common adjectives, and verbs, Nouns from topography, zoolology and Anatomy.

Our Algonquian data and matches to Biblical Hebrew+Aramaic ("Edenic") are the work of Fernando Aedo, Givon Zirkind and I.M.

 In the upcoming book, Old Words in the New Word, ten other Algonquian tribes will appear in a keyed composite chart immediately after this expanded Swadesh list. These include:

 the Abenaki (northern New England and southeastern Canada), Arapaho (WY), Blackfoot (MT), Cree (NY), Delaware, Fox (MI), Miami (OH), Montauk (L.I.), Natick (MA) and Shawnee (OK).

English	Chippewa or Ojibwe	Lenape , Leni Lenape (NJ, DE, southern NY, eastern PA; also Canadian woodlands)
I	niin  אני ANeeY, I [ME]	ni  אני ANeeY, I [ME]; same in Munsee; nia in Mohegan
we	niinawind  אנו ANOO, we [NOSTRATIC]
here	omaa   ß  S-N הנה  HeyNaH, here- Gen. 21:23
not	gaawiin אין AYiN, not [INSOMNIA]
all	akina כנס KaNoo$, gathered [ECCLIASTIC]
many	niibowa ß  W/R S-N רבים RaBiM, many [RIFE]
few		txituwàk M231   קצת QiTSahT,a few [MITE]
other	agaami- גם GahM, also
one	ningod   S-N מנה MaNaH, count + S-G אחד A[K]HahD, masc. #1[EACH]	kwëti   אחת A[K]HahT, #1 (fem.)  [EACH]
two	niizh  < ß  S-F  שנים SHiNaiM, #2; שני SHaiNeey, 2nd [CHANGE]	nisha  < ß   שנים SHiNaiM, #2 [CHANGE]
five		palenàxk <  M231  חפן KHoaPHahN, handful (5). Liquid added. [PUGNACIOUS]
big	michaa  < ß   צמח  TSaMaK[H], grown… large [MICHIGAN]	[Ojibwe “big” is also misi,in Mississippi]
thick	gipagaa < S-B S-G    עבה GHaBHeH, thick [OBESE]	kupahkàt  < S-G  S-B   עבה GHaBHeH, thick [OBESE]
heavy	gozigwan < M132 כבד KaBHaiD, heavy [HEFT]  ד  Dalet-to-fricative shift	kwsùkòn <  כבד  KaBHaiD, heavy [HEFT] ד  Dalet-to-fricative shift
short	dakoozi  < דק  DahQ, fine, small [TALC]
long		kwini  < ß N S-L ארוך AROWKH, long [REACH]
woman	ikwe S-B <  נקבה NiQai(V)aH, female [CAVITY]	xkwe S-B  <  נקבה  NiQai(V)aH, female [CAVITY]
man (adult male)	inini S-N <  מאן Ma'AN, Arabic "man;"Akkadian, Ethiopic masc. subj. pronoun.	(2 more theories for the source of MAN at the "MAN" entry)
man (human being)	anishinaabe  < אנוש ENOASH, mankind [MASCULINE]
child (a youth)	abinoojiinh בן  <  BeN, child, son [BONE]
mother	maamaa <  אמא EeMaH, mama [MA]	àna < S-N אמא EeMaH, mama [MA]
father	baabaa, dede < אב AhBH, Aramaic ABAh; דוד DOAD, uncle (dear male relative;  ידיד  YiDeeYD, lover [ABBOT, DAD]
animal	awakaan < S-B (domestic),  בקר BaQaR, cattle   [BUCKAROO]
forest	mitigwaki  < ß עץ  GHaiTS, tree [STICK]	shinke <  N S-F S-G  ß עץ  GHaiTS, tree [STICK] ( ץ,צ/TS = is T or S)
flower		òtaès ציצה TSeeYTSaH, flower [TASSEL]  (see above)
grass	mashkosiw  < עשב  GHaiSe(V), grass [ASSASSIN]	skikw <  M213 עשב GHaiSe(V), grass [ASSASSIN]
meat (as in flesh)	wiiyaas < S-B  בשר BaSahR,  meat, flesh [BURSAR] -- liquid dropped	wiyus < S-B   בשר BaSahR, meat, flesh [BURSAR] --  liquid dropped
blood	miskwi < S-N S-F נצח NeTSaK[H]  [SANGRIA]	hmukw < as Greek blood, haima, warmth – חם [K]HoaM, warmth may be the issue) [CALM]
fat (noun) (noun)		wiku  ß   חלב K[H]eLe(V), fat (noun) [LIVER] --    liquid dropped
tail	zow < זנב  ZaNa(V), tail [SWING] -- nasal is dropped	shkwënay <  M132 S-F S-B  זנב ZaNa(V), tail [SWING]
feather (not down)	miigwan < M132 S-G S-B   כנף  K'NaF, wing [CANOPY]	mikwën < M132  S-B כנף K'NaF, wing  [CANOPY]
hair	wiinizis < ß   S-B N עשב  [A]iSe(V), grass [ASSASSIN]
eye	shkiinzhig  < M213 ß S-G חזה [K]HaZaH, to perceive [SCOPE, SEE]	wëshkinkw < S-B N שקף SHaQahF,  to look over [SCOPE]
nose		wìkiyon < ß S-B   נקב  NeQe(V), cavity [CAVITY[
mouth	doon ßS-D S-N  מצץ MaTSaTS, to suck [MOUTH]
foot	zid  < צעד TS[A]hD, step [SIDE]	wsit < צעד  TS[A]hD, step [SIDE]
knee		këtëkw  <  S-B כתף     KaTeF, shoulder, joint [SPOKE]
arm		onisk <  ß   חצן   KHoTSeN,  bosom, arms (Isaiah 49:22)
wing	ningwiigan  < M312 S-G  S-B כנף K'NahPH, wing [CANOPY]	wëlunkòn <  M231  N עבר GHeY(V)eR, side [OVER]
guts		wëlàkwshia <  S-B S-L ß  קרב   QeReBH, innards [CRAP]
neck	kwegan M132 חנק   K[H]eNeQ, to strangle [NECK]	xkwekànkàn < M132?  חנק  K[H]eNeQ, to strangle;ענק  [A]NahQ, necklace [NECK]
back	pikwan ßS-B  1. גב GahBH, a back; 2. ß   S-B עקב [A]QaiBH, rear [BACK]	hëpxkòn ß1.גב GahBH, a back; 2. ß  קב  [A]QaiBH, rear [BACK]
breast	doodoosh 1.ß  שד SHahD, breast; 2.  דד DahD, nipple [UDDER]	nunakàn היניק HeeY- NeeYQ, to suckle [YOUNG]
heart		tèh S-G תוך TOAKH, within, middle [SINK]
to drink	minikwe	mëne S-N מים MaYiM, water [MIAMI]
to eat
to see
to know (a fact)	gikenim S-G חכם K[H]aKHahM, wise [ACUMEN]	watu S-B   הביט HeeBeeYTto look, see [VIDEO]
to think	maaminonendam האמין H'EMeeYN, to believe [AMENABLE]
to sleep		kawi S-B  שכב  SHaK[H]a(V), to lie down
to kill	nishi S-N S-F  המית HeyMeey(S), to put to death [CHECK-MATE]
to hunt (transitive)	giiwose  M132   S-G S-B    חפש K[H]aPeyS, to seek [APPETITE]
to hit	bakite'  ß S-B תקף TaQahF, assail [ATTACK]
to cut	giishkizhigereduplicated S-F S-G גזה GaZaH, to cut, hew  [SCISSORS]
to split	daashki-  M213 S-F סדק $aDahQ, to split (Aramaic, Ethiopic)
to stab (or stick)	bazhiba'o S-B פצע PaTS[A]h, to wound [PATEO]
to come	onjibaa בא  BAh, to come [VIA]	pè, -pa S-B בא  BAh, to come [VIA]
to lie (as on one's side)	bimishin ß נשען NiSH'[A]hN,to lean [ENSCONCE]
to turn (change direction)	gwekii  M132 S-B  עקב  GHaQaiBH , ankle, trickery [HOOF]
to  give	miizh ß S-F  נתן     Na(S)aN, to give [DONATE]
to hold (in one's hand)	dakon ß  Z/DAram. shift  אחזAK[H]aZ to grasp [HAS]
to wash	giziibiigii M132  S-G  S-F כבס KaBHah$, to wash [WASH]
to tie	dakobizh ß עקד [A]QaD to bind [EACH]
to say	ikido הגיד HeeGeeYD, recite	luwe ß S-B S-L  דבר DaBaiR, to say [WORD]
to sing	nagamo S-N  נגן NeeGaiN, to make music [KNOCK]
to swell	baagishi S-B S-G תפח TaPHahK[H], to swell [OPEN]
sun	giizis ß S-G שחר SHaK[H]aR, dawn, light, clarity [OBCURE]	kishux M213 שחר  SHaK[H]aR dawn, light, clarity [OBCURE]
moon	dibik-giizis M213 S-D בתק  BeTeQ, piece [BIT] + "sun" above	piskewëni kishux M132 פחות  PaK[H]o(S), lesser + "sun" above
water	nibi S-B נופף  NOAPHaiPH, to wave, shake [FAN]	mpi S-N  נופף NOAPHaiPH, to wave, shake [FAN]
rain		Sukëlan (verb) 1. S-Fשוקק  SHOAQeQ, to flow over; 2. סוך $OAK[H], to wet, annoint [SOAK]
lake; sea, ocean	zaaga'igan < S-N אגם AGahM, pond, body of water [OCEAN]; gichigamii  <  אנם AGahM, pond, any body of water [OCEAN]	[“by the shore of Gitche Gumee in Longfellow’s “Song of Hiawatha” is Lake Superior in Ojibwe]
dust	bingwi < S-B  עפר  GHaFahR , dust	punkw < S-B  עפר  GHaFahR, dust
mountain	bikwadinaa < 1. S-G S-B  גבע Ge(V)[A]h, hill [GIBBON] 2. ß נד NaiD, mound [DUNE]
deer		ahtuhw <  S-D S-B    צביTSiBHeeY, hart [BEAST]
spider	asabikeshiinh < ß  S-F   עכביש [A]KaBeeYSH, spider
sick (painful)	aakozi (be sick) <  ß  צוקה TSOOQaH, affliction [SICK]
lightning		sasapëlehël-èk <  S-B S-L S-G ברק BaRaQ, lightning [FORK]
to open	baakin < M132 בקע BeQ[A]h, to break open [PECK]
wolf		tëme < S-N  תן tahn, jackal [DINGO]]
red	Misko < M213 Aramaic סמק  $aMahQ (to be red) [SUMAC]	màxk < M213 Aramaic סמק $aMahQ (to be red) [SUMAC]
green	ozhaawashko < S-B  צהב TSaHoaBH, yellow [PHOSPHORUS]	àskàskw  < S-F S-G S-B  צהב TSaHoaBH, yellow [“]
yellow	ozaawi < S-B  צהב TSaHoaBH, yellow [“]	wisaw < S-B צהב TSaHoaBH, yellow [“]
black		sëk < S-F שחר SHaK[H]oaR, black  [OBSCURE]
warm (as hot weather)	aabawaa  < WR=R בער   Ba[E] R, to burn [BURN]
cold (as in weather)	gisinaa < S-F צנה  TSeeNaH, cold [SNOW]
dry (adjective)	baaso  <  S-F  יבש YaBHaiSH, dry [WIZEN]	penkwte  < ß צחיח TSahee-YAK[H], dry [dry SACK]
right (side)		mayai  < ß ימה, YaMaH, facing the water-side  [MIAMI]
in	biinde < S-B פנים  PiNeeYM, within [PENETRATE]
name	wiinzh (verb) ß S-N  S-F שם SHaiM, name [SIMULATION]
cloud	aanakod  ß  S-G  ענן  GHaNAN, cloud  [YEN]	kùmhòkw < S-N  ענן GHaNAN, cloud [YEN]
fog	awan < עב [A]hBH, thickness, opaqueness of a cloud [FOG]	aon <  ענן [A]NAN,cloud   [YEN]
sky	giizhig <  M213 S-G  S-F S-G   שחקSHaK[H]aK [SKY]	mushhàkw < M4123 שחקים SHiK[H]aKiM, sky, heavens -- Dt. 33:26 [SKY]
smoke		somah, tobacco < M232 S-F  S-N  S-G עשן [GH]aSHaN, smoke,  to smoke [SMOKE];  םם $ahM is spice [BALSAM]
fire	ishkode < ß אשאש  AiSH, fire [ASH] + קדח    (see Burn)
to burn (intransitive)	zakide  < קדח QaDa[K]H, burn [CAUTERIZE]	lusi < ß S-L שרף SaRaPH, to burn  [SULPHER] -- bilabial dropped
mountain	bikwadinaa < ß נד NaiD,  heap [DUNE]	kitahtëne < S-D ß נד NaiD, heap [DUNE]
red	Misko  < M213  Aramaic (Jastro p. 1003)סמק  $eeMaiQ (to be red). Red is nature’s warning that reptiles or plants like sumac are poisonous. [SUMAC]
river	sipi < S-F S-B זוב ZOOBH, to flow [SEEP]	]For the 1st element in MISSISSIPPI (big river in Ojibwe,  see “BIG” above.]