| This was one of those entries-in-waiting. More global evidence was needed to confidently link TEPID and its Latin immediate origin to a Semitic root that was merely authenticated with a proper noun.
But then, to the rescue, came the Long Rangers or the Proto-Earth research headed by Matthew Ruhlen . Fernando Aedo cited their work, and much of his own discoveries.Now TEPID is no longer lukewarm, but quite hot.
the new entry:
TEPID TaMahKH Tahf-Mem-Khaf Tah-MAHKH תוף _____[TMM à TN] ROOTS: TEPID is quite a lukewarm derivative of a very hot original word. The Latin source of TEPID (lukewarm) is tepere, to be warm. The Indo-European "root" tep is given the same definition.
Benjamin Davies (1849) calls תוף TOOPH an "obsolete" root. It is akin to Chaldean (Aramaic) תפי TiPHeeY (hearth, to burn), and to תפתה TiPHTeH, burning place, only in Isaiah 30:33. תפת ToPHET refers to the place where the Canaanite pagans burned their children as sacrifices to Moloch in a valley named Gay-Ben-Hinnom.
This is so ghastly and abhorrent to Judaism, that "Gehinnom" became synonymous with a burning "hell." There are dental-bilabial (tooth-lip) heat or burning words in Akkadian; tab (burn) is Old Babylonian. A counterpart in Sumerian lets us follow these "heat" words beyond Semitic.
BRANCHES: From Davies there was Sanskrit tap, to burn, and weaker possibilities in Greek and Welsh. Surely, one could not go on to speculate that a POT (a T-P reversal that it is put on fire) is related. Fernando Aedo cites the Proto-Earth research headed by Matthew Ruhlen work, and then presents his own massive data from Bantu (Africa), Dravidian (S. India) and American Indian. The stronger dental-bilabial and bilabial-dental "heat" words appear below:
The Proto-Earth reconstructed (*) root for "fire" is pet. The Proto-Earth data appears below; Each root word represents many words in these language families. (Where no meaning is given, the term means "fire.")
280 FIRE9 *pet
Almosan: Proto-Algic *peTk- ‘catch fire,’
Proto-Algonquian *po…tawe…wa make a fire.’
Keresiouan: Proto-Siouan *peti.
Central Amerind: Proto-Uto-Aztecan *be…te ‘burn.’
Macro-Carib: Carib: Apalai, Purucoto, Chayma, Tivericoto, Carijona apote,
Opone foto, Bakairi pato, Uayeue pieto, Waiana uapot, Aracaju uapto,
Acawai wato, Waiwai wehto.
Macro-Panoan: Maca fat, Enimaga feit.
Macro-Ge: Coroado pote. The above Edenic P-T "burning" word also links Amerindian tzibi, fire (Otomí, Central Mexico); pote, fire (Purus) ; futu, fire (Betoi) and potheh, fire (Puri). Then, following the Het-Mem hot/sun analogy at "CALM": puttu, sun (Timbira, Brasil) and putt, sun (Caraho); Fernando Aedo's data uses only actual words.
Dialect names, sources and locales on request.
Bantu: tu~mba, to burn (Bantu : Bakweri); tumba, to burn, roast, set on fire (Bantu: Bobangi) tshwa, to burn (Bantu: Kalanga); -tumbeka, to burn, to set afire, to set ablaze (Bantu: Lozi); untebe, pot, mug (Bantu : Wungu); tu~mbana, be hot, heat (Bantu : Bakweri) tshivhaso, fireplace, hearth (Bantu: Venda)
Dravidian: dhu_pisu, to incense, to set on fire or burn (any incense), to perfume, to make fragrant (Ka.) (Te.); at.uppu, oven (Ta.lex.); d.ambhan.u, to burn, brand (S.); d.ambhu, a burn (S.); thab, to burn (Gypsy); tabar, to ignite, burn (Gypsy); tablo, hot (Gypsy) d.a_bh, brand, cautery (G.); tevn.e~, to shine, burn (M.); pot- to burn, blaze (Go.) kut.t.uva, big copper pot for heating water (Kod.); dabare, a brass pot (Tu.lex.) bha_n.d., cooking pot (WPah.); dippa (dipt-) to set a pot on the fire (Kui.) ta_pn.i_, fire, hearth (G.); at.uva, platform, loft, structure over fireplace (Si.) dawa_, fireplace (Pas’.);ta_pa, heat, glow (Mn.) ; ta_va, heat (Pkt.) ta_v, extreme heat, parching dryness, distress (K.); ta_va, heat, fire (OMarw.) ta_v, heating to read heat (G.) (M.); tav, heat, torment (Si.); tapoiki, to heat (Sh.) ta_’b, fever, heat (Bshk.); tapyati, heat (Sh.); tippu, scorching, blackening by fire (Ta.) ti_ppi, fire (Ta.); thobi_, flagstone placed over fire for baking (S.); dava, fire (Pali) dava, burning (Pkt.); ta_va, heat, fire (OMarw.); ta_pn.i_, fire, hearth (G.) put., to set fire to, kindle (Pe.); tavia-, heated, hot (Pkt.); tapta, heated, hot (RV.) ta_pa_, to get hot (B.); tipi_, tapi_, hot (Kt.); tape_, hot (Pas’.); tapo, hot (Ash.) tapa, tapo, hot (Dm.); tavai, is hot (Pkt.); potta, hot, burning (Tu.)
Amerindian: [Maya] taab, burn (Mopa); pat, pot (Chic) ; t’ab, set fire to something (Yuca); [North-American] phetán, in the fire (Dakota); pa¯-tä, fire (Sioux: Long: 1817) [Amazonian] tope, to burn food (Araona); potagantsi, to burn (Machiguenga); bidi ik-, to be hot, penetrating heat (Cashinahua); dsovúmonti, large pot (Ocaina); dsovaati-, clay large pot (Ocaina); péétetso, to ignite (Bora); peete, to burn (Bora); botequin, to take something from the fire, to take out (the pot) from the fire (Capanahua); e’beta, to ignite fire (Amarakaeri) -----------------------------------------
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